Monthly Archives: November 2013

PBM P4 image file format

What is PBM P4?

PBM P4 is a hybrid monochrome file format, a mixture of ASCII and binary data.
It can be opened by several imaging software (eg. Gimp).

PBM P4 structure

Source of example.pbm :

P4
# CREATOR: bitmap2pbm Version 1.0.0
8 4 @0@0

The file starts with the ASCII section and ends with the binary section.

ASCII section

“P4” is the magic word which identifies the file format
The line starts with “#” is a comment (optional).
“8 4” is the dimension of the binary data
The ASCII section ends with exactly one whitespace after dimension

A character is a whitespace if isspace() returns true for it.
A comment line must end with CR of LF.
Any number of whitespaces could appear between the tokens.

Binary section

Contains the image data, where every bit corresponds to one pixel.
The example file consists of “@0@0” which is 4 bytes => 32 bits total.
Character code of “@” is 64, which is 01000000 in binary.
Character code of “0” is 48 which is 00110000 in binary.

“8 4” dimension means 4 lines of 8 bit binary data.

“16 2” dimension means 2 lines of 16 bit binary data.

BUT!

“5 4” dimension means 4 lines of 8 bit binary data, where only the most significant 5 bits are used.

“15 2” dimension means 2 lines of 16 bit binary data, where only the most significant 15 bits are used.

With lines there are no problems, they can be anything > 0.

Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 3)

2 Replies

Uploading and setting up the firmware on TP-Link TL-WR1043ND router

Connect your PC’s Ethernet adapter to TP-Link TL-WR1043ND router’s LAN port
Note: The adapter configuration must remain the same as in Asus WL-500g Deluxe setup.
Open http://192.168.1.1 in your browser
Type your username and password!
(default admin/admin)
Click System Tools
Click Firmware Upgrade
Click Browse…
Select “openwrt-ar71xx-tl-wr1043nd-v1-squashfs-factory.bin” file and click Open
Click Upgrade
Click OK for question about the upgrade
Wait until the progress bar finish

From a terminal login to the router:

$ telnet 192.168.1.1
You should get:
Connected to 192.168.1.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
=== IMPORTANT ============================
Use 'passwd' to set your login password
this will disable telnet and enable SSH
------------------------------------------
BusyBox v1.15.3 (2013-11-16 00:12:17 CET) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
 _______                     ________        __
|       |.-----.-----.-----.|  |  |  |.----.|  |_
|   -   ||  _  |  -__|     ||  |  |  ||   _||   _|
|_______||   __|_____|__|__||________||__|  |____|
|__| W I R E L E S S   F R E E D O M
---------------------------------------------------
Backfire (10.03.x Snapshot, r33081)
---------------------------------------------------
* 1/3 shot Kahlua    In a shot glass, layer Kahlua
* 1/3 shot Bailey's  on the bottom, then Bailey's,
* 1/3 shot Vodka     then Vodka.
---------------------------------------------------
root@OpenWrt:/#

Change the routers IP address (just for running config):
```
root@OpenWrt:/# ifconfig br-lan 192.168.1.2
```
Close telnet (Ctrl + C, or by closing the terminal)
Login to your router
```
$ telnet 192.168.1.2
```
Change your password:
```
root@OpenWrt:/# passwd
```
Enter your new password 2 times.
Reconnect to the router using SSH
```
root@OpenWrt:/# exit
$ ssh root@192.168.1.2
```
Type “yes” for the question about the RSA key and press Enter
Give your password and press Enter
Change switch identifier in openflow configuration:
root@OpenWrt:/# nano /etc/config/openflow
Change line
```
option 'dpid' '000000000001'
```
to
```
option 'dpid' '000000000002'
```
Press Ctrl+O, Enter than Ctrl+X to exit

Change the network configuration

You can this by hand:
root@OpenWrt:/# nano /etc/config/network
Correct configuration:

config 'switch'
	option 'name' 'rtl8366rb'
	option 'reset' '1'
	option 'enable_vlan' '1'
	option 'enable_learning' '0'
config 'switch_vlan'
	option 'device' 'rtl8366rb'
	option 'vlan' '1'
	option 'ports' '1 5t'
config 'switch_vlan'
	option 'device' 'rtl8366rb'
	option 'vlan' '2'
	option 'ports' '2 5t'
config 'switch_vlan'
	option 'device' 'rtl8366rb'
	option 'vlan' '3'
	option 'ports' '3 5t'
config 'switch_vlan'
	option 'device' 'rtl8366rb'
	option 'vlan' '4'
	option 'ports' '4 5t'
config 'switch_vlan'
	option 'device' 'rtl8366rb'
	option 'vlan' '5'
	option 'ports' '0 5t'
config 'interface' 'loopback'
	option 'ifname' 'lo'
	option 'proto'  'static'
	option 'ipaddr' '127.0.0.1'
	option 'netmask' '255.0.0.0'
config 'interface'
	option 'ifname' 'eth0.1'
	option 'proto' 'static'
config 'interface'
	option 'ifname' 'eth0.2'
	option 'proto' 'static'
config 'interface'
	option 'ifname' 'eth0.3'
	option 'proto' 'static'
config 'interface'
	option 'ifname' 'eth0.4'
	option 'proto' 'static'
config 'interface'
	option 'ifname' 'eth0.5'
	option 'proto' 'static'
	option 'ipaddr' '192.168.1.2'
	option 'netmask' '255.255.255.0'

Press Ctrl+O, Enter than Ctrl+X to exit

You can do this with scp:
Download this file with your browser: network-tplink
```
 $ scp network-tplink root@192.168.1.2:/etc/config/network
```
Enter the router’s password

Reboot the router
```
root@OpenWrt:/# reboot
```
Connect your PC’s Ethernet adapter to TP-Link TL-WR1043ND router’s WAN port
(this is the configuration port, and the out-of-band communication port for OpenFlow)

That’s all! From now you can install an OpenFlow controller (eg. POX). The default controller address is 192.168.1.10:6633 (which can be set in /etc/config/openflow file).

If you want to restore the factory firmware:
Restoring factory firmware on TP-Link TL-WR1043ND

Jump to previous: Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 2)

Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 2)

Leave a reply

Uploading and setting up the firmware on Asus WL-500g Deluxe router

Note:
OpenWrt wiki is wrong. You cannot upload the firmware through Asus WL-500g Deluxe web interface (aka OEM easy installation).

Connect your PC’s Ethernet adapter to Asus WL-500g Deluxe router’s LAN port
Set your network configuration to:

IP address: 192.168.1.10

Netmask: 255.255.255.0

Note 1:
If you want to make it in VirtualBox than you also have to set bridged networking by:
1. Click Settings
2. Click Network
3. Select “Adapter 1” tab
4. Set “Attached to:” to “Bridged Adapter”
5. Set “Promiscuous Mode:” to “Allow All”
6. Click OK
Note 2:
In Fedora 19, you can do this by:
1. Click the network icon (top right corner)
2. Click Network Settings
3. Select Wired
4. Click the setup icon (bottom right corner)
5. Select IPv4
6. Set Addresses to Manual
7. Set Address to 192.168.1.10
8. Set Netmask to 255.255.255.0
9. Set Gateway to 192.168.1.1 (this is only required because of a Fedora 19 bug)
10. Click Apply
11. Set the “On” switch to “Off”
12. Set the “Off” switch to “On”
13. Close the windows
Install a tftp client if you don’t have one
$ sudo yum -y install tftp
Disconnect the router from power
Press and hold the reset button (at it’s back)
Power up the Asus WL-500g Deluxe router (still holding the reset button)
After the four LAN leds turn dark you can release the reset button
The power led should start flashing slowly (if not try again from the disconnect part)

From a terminal:

$ tftp
tftp> binary
tftp> trace
tftp> put openwrt-brcm47xx-squashfs.trx
Wait until it finish
tftp> quit

Wait at least 2 minutes (for safety)
Toggle the power
Install a telnet client if you don’t have one
Note: Yes it’s a shame, but Linux distributions are weird today.
```
$ sudo yum -y install telnet
```

Connected to 192.168.1.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
=== IMPORTANT ============================
Use 'passwd' to set your login password
this will disable telnet and enable SSH
------------------------------------------
BusyBox v1.15.3 (2013-11-16 00:12:17 CET) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
_______                     ________        __
|       |.-----.-----.-----.|  |  |  |.----.|  |_
|   -   ||  _  |  -__|     ||  |  |  ||   _||   _|
|_______||   __|_____|__|__||________||__|  |____|
|__| W I R E L E S S   F R E E D O M
---------------------------------------------------
Backfire (10.03.x Snapshot, r33081)
---------------------------------------------------
* 1/3 shot Kahlua    In a shot glass, layer Kahlua
* 1/3 shot Bailey's  on the bottom, then Bailey's,
* 1/3 shot Vodka     then Vodka.
---------------------------------------------------
root@OpenWrt:/#

Setup the router’s password
```
root@OpenWrt:/# passwd
```
Enter your new password 2 times.
Reconnect to the router using SSH
```
root@OpenWrt:/# exit
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1
```
Type “yes” for the question about the RSA key and press Enter
Give your password and press Enter

Change the network configuration

You can this by hand:

root@OpenWrt:/# nano /etc/config/network

Note:
You may get here “Error opening terminal: xterm-256color.”
It’s a Fedora 19 bug, type:
root@OpenWrt:/# export TERM=xterm-color
Correct configuration:

#### VLAN configuration
config switch eth0
	option enable   1

config switch_vlan eth0_0
	option device   "eth0"
	option vlan     0
	option ports    "0 5"

config switch_vlan eth0_1
	option device   "eth0"
	option vlan     1
	option ports    "4 5"

config switch_vlan eth0_2
	option device   "eth0"
	option vlan     2
	option ports    "3 5"

config switch_vlan eth0_3
	option device   "eth0"
	option vlan     3
	option ports    "2 5"

config switch_vlan eth0_4
	option device   "eth0"
	option vlan     4
	option ports    "1 5"

#### Loopback configuration
config interface loopback
	option ifname    "lo"
	option proto    static
	option ipaddr    127.0.0.1
	option netmask    255.0.0.0

#### LAN configuration
config interface lan
	option type     bridge
	option ifname    "eth0.0"
	option proto    static
	option ipaddr    192.168.1.1
	option netmask    255.255.255.0

config interface
	option ifname    "eth0.1"
	option proto    static

config interface
	option ifname    "eth0.2"
	option proto    static

config interface
	option ifname    "eth0.3"
	option proto    static

config interface
	option ifname    "eth0.4"
	option proto    static

Press Ctrl+O, Enter than Ctrl+X to exit

You can do this with scp:
Download this file with your browser: network-asus
```
$ scp network-asus root@192.168.1.1:/etc/config/network
```
Enter the router’s password

Reboot the router
```
root@OpenWrt:/# reboot
```
Connect your PC’s Ethernet adapter to Asus WL-500g Deluxe router’s WAN port
(this is the configuration port, and the out-of-band communication port for OpenFlow)

That’s all! From now you can install an OpenFlow controller (eg. POX). The default controller address is 192.168.1.10:6633 (which can be set in /etc/config/openflow file).

If you want to restore the factory firmware:
Restoring factory firmware on Asus WL-500g Deluxe

Jump to next: Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 3)
Jump to previous: Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 1)

Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 1)

Leave a reply

In this guide I will install OpenWrt Backfire on these routers with OpenFlow package.

WARNING: you may brick your router if version is > 1.7!
See Version/Model table

Device:	TP-Link TL-WR1043ND Ver: 1.6
FCC ID:	TE7WR1043NX
CPU:	Atheros AR9132
RAM:	32 MB
Flash:	8 MB
Network:	4 + 1 ports (10/100/1000 Mb/s)
IP address before:	192.168.1.1
IP address after:	192.168.1.2
Software before:	TL-WR1043ND_v1_130428 Version: 3.13.13 Build 130428 Rel.58290n
Software after:	OpenWrt Backfire Version: 10.03.1 (r33081) OpenFlow Stanford reference implementation Version: 1.0

Device:	Asus WL-500g Deluxe
FCC ID:	MSQWL500GD
CPU:	Broadcom 5365
RAM:	32 MB
Flash:	4 MB
Network:	4 + 1 ports (10/100 Mb/s)
IP address:	192.168.1.1
Software before:	WL-500gD English Firmware Version: 1.9.6.0
Software after:	OpenWrt Backfire Version: 10.03.1 (r33081) OpenFlow Stanford reference implementation Version: 1.0

Build system:
Fedora 19 (64 bit)

If you are not using Fedora 19, you should virtualize it:
Installing Fedora 19 (64 bit) in VirtualBox

Building OpenWrt with OpenFlow package

Open a terminal (by clicking Activities, typing “terminal” and press Enter)
Update Fedora
```
$ sudo yum -y update
```
Enter your password
Press Enter
Install the packages that necessary to build OpenWrt
```
 $ sudo yum -y install git subversion binutils bzip2 gcc gcc-c++ gawk gettext flex ncurses-devel zlib-devel make patch unzip perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker glibc glibc-devel glibc-static quilt sed sdcc intltool sharutils bison wget
```
Note: All packages are necessary but some of them may has been already installed. And I am not wrong, you need subversion package because scripts use it.
Enter your password
Press Enter
Download OpenWrt Backfire source from the OpenWrt Git repository:
```
$ git clone git://git.openwrt.org/10.03/openwrt.git
```
Get in the downloaded directory
```
$ cd openwrt
```

Update and install feeds

$ ./scripts/feeds update -a
$ ./scripts/feeds install -a

Get out from openwrt directory
```
$ cd ..
```
Download the Stanford reference implementation of OpenFlow 1.0
```
$ git clone git://gitosis.stanford.edu/openflow-openwrt
```
If it doesn’t work here is a copy of it one my site: openflow-openwrt.tar.gz
In this case you must extract it: $ tar -zxvf openflow-openwrt.tar.gz
Get in the downloaded directory
```
$ cd openflow-openwrt
```

Move to the Broadcom branch

$ git checkout -b openflow-1.0/brcm origin/openflow-1.0/brcm

Link OpenFlow extension and configuration files in the OpenWrt directory

$ cd ~/openwrt/package
$ ln -s ~/openflow-openwrt/openflow-1.0/
$ cd ..
$ ln -s ~/openflow-openwrt/openflow-1.0/files

Configure the build
```
$ make menuconfig
```
Select “Target System (…) —>”
Select “Broadcom BCM947xx/953xx”
Select “Target Profile (…) —>”
Select “No WiFi”
Select “Network —>”
Check “openflow” package (to built-in <*>)
Check “tc” package (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Select “Kernel modules —>”
Select “Network Support —>”
Check “kmod-tun” package (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Exit
Select “Utilites —>”
Select “Editors —>”
Check “nano” package (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Exit
Exit
A dialog asks you here “Do you wish to save your new OpenWrt configuration?”
Select Yes and Press Enter
Make the toolchain for the target
```
$ make tools/install toolchain/install
```
Configure the Linux kernel
```
$ make kernel_menuconfig
```
Select Networking Support
Select Networking options
Select QoS and/or fair queueing
Check Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Exit
Exit
Exit
Select Yes and Press Enter
Build the OpenWrt image
```
$ make
```
Get out from openwrt directory
```
$ cd ..
```
Copy the created general firmware to here
```
$ cp openwrt/bin/brcm47xx/openwrt-brcm47xx-squashfs.trx .
```
This will be the firmware for Asus WL-500g Deluxe.
Enter to openwrt directory again
```
$ cd openwrt
```
Clean everything
```
$ make clean tools/clean toolchain/clean
```
Note: a toolchain/clean should be enough here (but I don’t want to meet OpenWrt bugs)
Get out from openwrt directory
```
$ cd ..
```
Get in the openflow directory
```
$ cd openflow-openwrt
```

Move to the TP-Link branch

$ git checkout -b openflow-1.0/tplink origin/openflow-1.0/tplink

Get to the openwrt directory
```
$ cd ~/openwrt
```
Configure the build
```
$ make menuconfig
```
Select “Reset to defaults”
Select “Target System (…) —>”
Select “Atheros AR71xx/AR7240/AR913x”
Select “Target Profile (…) —>”
Select “TP-LINK TL-WR1043ND v1”
Note: From Backfire version of OpenWrt the Wifi module is automatically built in this platform, so we must clear it later from selection. DO NOT select “Default Profile (no WiFi)” here!
Select “Network —>”
Check “openflow” package (to built-in <*>)
Check “tc” package (to built-in <*>)
Uncheck “wpad-mini” package
Exit
Select “Kernel modules —>”
Select “Network Support —>”
Check “kmod-tun” package (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Select “Wireless Drivers”
Uncheck “kmod-ath9k”
Exit
Exit
Select “Utilites —>”
Select “Editors —>”
Check “nano” package (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Exit
Exit
A dialog asks you here “Do you wish to save your new OpenWrt configuration?”
Select Yes and Press Enter
Make the toolchain for the target
```
$ make tools/install toolchain/install
```
Note: If you have not cleaned tools than tools/install is not necessary.
Configure the Linux kernel
```
$ make kernel_menuconfig
```
Select Networking Support
Select Networking options
Select QoS and/or fair queueing
Check Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) (to built-in <*>)
Exit
Exit
Exit
Exit
Select Yes and Press Enter
Build the OpenWrt image
```
$ make
```
Get out from openwrt directory
```
$ cd ..
```
Copy the created general firmware to here
```
$ cp openwrt/bin/ar71xx/openwrt-ar71xx-tl-wr1043nd-v1-squashfs-factory.bin .
```
This will be the firmware for TP-Link TL-WR1043ND.
You can safely remove the created directories:
```
$ rm -rf ~/openwrt ~/openflow-openwrt
```

Congratulation! You have built the OpenFlow capable OpenWrt firmwares for these devices.

Jump to: Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 2)

Bitmap manipulation programs

Leave a reply

bitmapdd

This program creates a bitmap from a file (or device). It’s mainly used for creating a usage map of input but it can also do conversions.

You can download bitmapdd from GitHub:

$ git clone https://github.com/andmaj/bitmapdd.git

Scenario 1:

You have a file which consists of blocks of data. If a block is full of zeros than it’s free, otherwise it’s used. You want to make a bitmap from it where a bit in the file is 0 if the corresponding block is zero, otherwise it’s 1.

For example with block size set to 4:

$ bitmapdd --bs 4 --if input.dat --of output.dat

Scenerio 2:

Converting a text of zeros and ones to a binary file where every bit corresponds to one character in the original file.

$ bitmapdd --bs 1 --null 48 --if usagemap.txt --of usagemap.dat

Note: null byte has been set to 48 which is the code of character “0” in the ASCII character table.

usagemap.txt contains text:
001100000100000001000001

usagemap.dat will contain text:
0@A

Character	Decimal code	Binary code
0	48	00110000
@	64	01000000
A	65	01000001

bitmap2pbm

Creates a P4 type PBM image from a binary file. With this program you can visualize your binary (for example a usage map).

You can download bitmap2pbm from GitHub:

$ git clone https://github.com/andmaj/bitmap2pbm.git

How to use

For example creating an image of the first 10000 bytes of memtest binary:

$ head -c 10000 /boot/memtest86+-4.20 | bitmap2pbm --of memtest.pbm

You can view the image in Gimp.

fat2bitmap

Creates a bitmap from FAT file system free/used clusters. The bitmap is in text format so contains zero (character 48) and one (character 49) bytes.

A zero means that the cluster is free, a one means that the cluster is used.

You can download fat2bitmap from GitHub:

$ git clone https://github.com/andmaj/fat2bitmap.git

How to use

Create a usage map of FAT file system (from filesys.iso image file)

$ fat2bitmap --if filesys.iso --of usagemap.txt

Convert the result to a binary image map with bitmapdd:

$ bitmapdd --bs 1 --null 48 --if usagemap.txt --of usagemap.dat

And finally display the usage map:

$ bitmap2pbm --if usagemap.dat --of usagemap.pbm
$ gimp usagemap.pbm &

You can also do these steps with one command:

$ fat2bitmap --if filesys.iso | bitmapdd --bs 1 --null 48 | bitmap2pbm --of usagem
ap.pbm

Note:
To create a FAT file system image file follow my guide:
http://fejlesztek.hu/create-a-fat-file-system-image-on-linux/

Create a FAT file system image on Linux

4 Replies

How to create the image file

[UPDATE: 2018.12.11.]
I’m sorry for the late correction, the approval request of comments landed in the SPAM. Stefan Naumann and Wojciech Franczyk pointed out correctly:

“Hi. In the point 3 you are creating FAT filesystem on the disk image, but you should have it created only on the partition. This is corrupting the image. You can check it trying fdisk -l test.img after performing the point 3 – you will get no partitions.

To fix it we first need to map the partition to /dev:
sudo losetup –offset 1048576 -f test.img
offset value is the start sector of the partition [2048] multiplied by sector size [512] to get bytes.

And create FAT filesystem on the partition, not disk:
sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/loop0

I’m leaving the solution here because I had exactly this problem as I needed valid whole disk image (to boot it), not only the partition 🙂
Nice tutorial thought, thanks for that, It helped me. Cheers.”

Create a file filled with zeros:
```
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img count=50 bs=1M
```
This command makes a 50 MB image file. Change the “count” argument for different size.

Create the partition (and partition table):

$ fdisk test.img

Command (m for help): o
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x46ac6035.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
  p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
  e extended
Select (default p): <Enter>
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): <Enter>
First sector (2048-99999, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-99999, default 99999): <Enter>
Using default value 99999
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 47.8 MiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): c

Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Syncing disks

Create the FAT file system in the image

$ mkfs.vfat test.img 
mkfs.fat 3.0.22 (2013-07-19)

How to mount the image and copy files

Create a directory for mounting
```
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/test
```
Mount the image
```
$ sudo mount test.img /mnt/test
```
Now you can copy/delete files in /mnt/test directory which will be written into the image file.
After file operations unmount the image
```
$ sudo umount /mnt/test
```
Delete the directory
```
$ sudo rmdir /mnt/test
```

Restoring factory firmware on TP-Link TL-WR1043ND

1 Reply

If you have installed OpenWrt Backfire on your TP-Link TL-WR1043ND and want to restore the factory firmware than this guide is for you.

Device:	TP-Link TL-WR1043ND Ver: 1.6
FCC ID:	TE7WR1043NX
CPU:	Atheros AR9132
RAM:	32 MB
Flash:	8 MB
Network:	4 + 1 ports (10/100/1000 Mb/s)
IP address:	192.168.1.2

Software on router before

OpenWrt Backfire

Version: 10.03.1 (r33081)

Software on router after

TL-WR1043ND_v1_130428

Version: 3.13.13 Build 130428 Rel.58290n

Host operation system is Fedora 19 (64 bit).
If you are not using Fedora 19, you should virtualize it:
Installing Fedora 19 (64 bit) in VirtualBox

I presume that you can communicate with your router.

Preparations

Go to TP-Link Support site: http://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/
Click “TL- WR1043ND” (it’s in the 300Mbps Wireless N group)
Read the warning message and click “If you have read the above notice, please click here to find hardware version.“
My router is V1 because “Model: TL-WR1043ND Ver: 1.6” written on its back
Click “TL-WR1043ND V1”
Download the firmware by clicking “TL-WR1043ND_v1_130428”
Warning: Do NOT download an other firmware version because in case of TP-Link there may be different steps to take.
If it doesn’t work here is a copy of it one my site: TL-WR1043ND_v1_130428.zip
Decompress the firmware
```
 $ unzip TL-WR1043ND_v1_130428.zip
```
Check firmware checksum
```
 $ sha1sum wr1043nv1_en_3_13_13_up_boot$130428$.bin
```
It should return:
25c3c2bd86dba8bd4c68489489e28e580560bf6c wr1043nv1_en_3_13_13_up_boot(130428).bin

This firmware version also contains the boot code so we have to strip it first

 $ dd if=wr1043nv1_en_3_13_13_up_boot\(130428\).bin of=wr1043nd_v1_correct.bin skip=257 bs=512

Check the corrected firmware checksum
```
 $ sha1sum wr1043nd_v1_correct.bin
```
It should return:
6899d121113c92d93a20ae7b308bc06a3295aba0 wr1043nd_v1_correct.bin

Firmware update

Copy this file in the router
```
 $ scp wr1043nd_v1_correct.bin root@192.168.1.2:/tmp/
```
Note: My router IP address is 192.168.1.2, change it to your router IP address in all commands
Login to your router
```
 $ ssh root@192.168.1.2
```
Enter your password.

Write the firmware to flash

root@OpenWrt:~# mtd -r write /tmp/wr1043nd_v1_correct.bin firmware

Wait until “Rebooting …” appears
Note: If you have configured your router as an OpenFlow switch before using my guide than you have to pull out the LAN cable from WAN port now and plug into a LAN port (eg. LAN1).
Go to http://192.168.1.1 in your browser

user: admin

password: admin

Press Enter

Congratulation! You have just restored the original firmware.

Restoring factory firmware on Asus WL-500g Deluxe

Leave a reply

If you have installed OpenWrt Backfire on your Asus WL-500g Deluxe and want to restore the factory firmware than this guide is for you.

Device:	Asus WL-500g Deluxe
FCC ID:	MSQWL500GD
CPU:	Broadcom 5365
RAM:	32 MB
Flash:	4 MB
Network:	4 + 1 ports (10/100 Mb/s)
IP address:	192.168.1.1

Software on router before

OpenWrt Backfire

Version: 10.03.1 (r33081)

Software on router after

WL-500gD English Firmware

Version: 1.9.6.0

Host operation system is Fedora 19 (64 bit).
If you are not using Fedora 19, you should virtualize it:
Installing Fedora 19 (64 bit) in VirtualBox

I presume that you can communicate with your router.

Preparations

Go to Asus Support site: http://support.asus.com/download/
Type “wl-500g deluxe” in Model Name Search box
Click Search
Click “WL-500g Deluxe”
Select WinXP as OS
Click Firmware
Click “Global” in the Version 1.9.6.0 frame to download the firmware
If it doesn’t work here is a copy of it one my site: WL500gx_1960_EN.zip
Decompress the firmware
```
$ unzip WL500gx_1960_EN.zip
```
Check firmware checksum
```
$ sha1sum WL500gx_1.9.6.0_EN.trx
```
It should return:
a273a7e7c5278d4eb76c53c20492a772187ced59 WL500gx_1.9.6.0_EN.trx

Firmware update

Copy this file in the router
```
$ scp WL500gx_1.9.6.0_EN.trx root@192.168.1.1:/tmp/
```
Note: My router IP address is 192.168.1.1, change it to your router IP address in all commands
Login to your router
```
$ ssh root@192.168.1.1
```
Enter your password.

Write the firmware to flash

root@OpenWrt:~# mtd -r write /tmp/WL500gx_1.9.6.0_EN.trx linux

Wait until “Rebooting …” appears
Note: If you have configured your router as an OpenFlow switch before using my guide than you have to pull out the LAN cable from WAN port now and plug into a LAN port (eg. LAN1).
Go to http://192.168.1.1 in your browser

user: admin

password: admin

Press Enter

Congratulation! You have just restored the original firmware.

Installing Fedora 19 (64 bit) in VirtualBox

Leave a reply

Requirements

64 bit x86 processor

at least 20 GB free space
at least 4 GB ram
Internet connection

Preparations

Download and install Oracle VM VirtualBox from here:
https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

Binaries are under “VirtualBox platform packages” label
I’ve used version 4.3.0 (but any later version should work too)
Download Fedora 19 Desktop Edition (64 bit) from here:
http://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora

Actual link for me:
http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/19/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-19-1.iso

Installation

Start Oracle VM VirtualBox
Click New button
Give some details about the virtual machine

Name: Fedora 19

Type: Linux

Version: Fedora (64 bit)

Click Next
Set memory size to at least 1500 MB
Click Next
Select “Create a virtual hard drive now” option
Click Create
Select “VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image)” option
Click Next
Select “Dynamically allocated” option
Click Next
Set the size of the virtual hard drive to at least 16.00 GB
Click Create
Right click on “Fedora 19” machine -> Settings…
Optional step
If you have more than 1 CPU cores in your host machine:
Select System → Processor
Increase processor count for up to (your cores number – 1).
Select Storage
Click Empty (under Controller: IDE)
Click on the disk icon in Attributes frame on the right
Choose a virtual CD/DVD disk file…
Select Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-19-1.iso
Click Open
Click Controller: SATA
Check Use Host I/O Cache
Click OK
Start the virtual machine by double clicking on “Fedora 19” label
Dismiss the warning messages (click on x)
Click somewhere inside the window
If you get an information message here:
Check “Do not show this message again”
Note: After clicking in the window the mouse cursor will be captured and all input goes to the virtual machine. If you want to leave the virtual machine press the Right Ctrl key. However from a point Fedora 19 supports mouse pointer integration where it is not necessary.
Select “Start Fedora Live”
Press Enter
(or simply wait for Fedora Live to autostart)
In “Welcome to Fedora” window click “Install to Hard Drive“
Select English (United States)
Click Continue
Optional steps
To change the time zone click “Change Date & Time“
Select the region and the city
Click Done
To change the keyboard layout click “Keyboard“
Click on the “+” sign and select your layout
Click Add
Change the order of layouts by clicking on your layout and the “^” sign
Click Done
Warning: This layout will only work on your installed system. That means that if you are entering a password in the installer it will be written according to the us layout.
Click “Installation destination”
Click on “ATA VBOX HARDDISK” under Local Standard Disks
Click Done
Select “Automatically configure my Fedora installation to the disk(s) I selected and return me to the main menu.”
Click Continue
Click “Begin Installation“
During installation you should set root password and create a user
Click “ROOT PASSWORD”
Enter a Root Password and confirm it
Click Done (or if you’ve given a weak password click it twice)
Click “USER CREATION”
Check “Make this user administrator”
Enter user data
Click Done (or if you’ve given a weak password click it twice)
After installation has finished click Quit
Click “Live System User”
Click “Power Off”
Click “Power Off“
Right click on “Fedora 19” machine → Settings…
Choose Storage
Click on “Fedora-Live-Desktop-..” (under Controller: IDE)
Click on the disk icon in Attributes frame on the right
Remove disk from virtual drive
Click OK

Update the system

Start the virtual machine by double clicking on “Fedora 19” machine
Dismiss the message about “Auto capture keyboard”.
This is the boot menu, Fedora will start automatically.
Note: If you press a key here you interrupt the boot of the default configuration. In this case choose the highest option (which is right in most cases) and press Enter.
Click on your user or press Enter
Enter your password
Click “Sign In” or press Enter
In Welcome screen choose English (United States)
Click Next
Select your keyboard layout
Click Next
Click Next
Click “Start using GNOME 3“
Watch the sort tutorial(s)
Update your system manually by doing the following:
Click Activities
Type “update” in the search box
Click “Software Update”
Click “Install Updates”
Note:
At this point you may encounter a kernel bug:
WARNING: at net/sched/sch_generic.c:255 dev_watchdog+0x248/0x260()
In this case continue the update process from a terminal:
Click Activities
Type “terminal” in the search box
Click “Terminal“
```
$ sudo yum -y update
```
Press Enter
Enter your password
If “A restart is required.” message pops up than click Close
Close every window
Click on the user’s name (in the upper right side of the screen)
Click “Power Off”
Click “Restart“
Login as before
Check updates as before
“All software is up to date” message should appear
Note: If more updates are available than apply them

Install Guest Additions

Open a terminal (by clicking Activities, typing “terminal” and press Enter)
Install kernel development tools:
```
 $ sudo yum install kernel-devel gcc
```
Enter your password
Type “y” and Enter
Install Guest Additions:
Click Devices in VirtualBox menu
Click Install Guest Additions…
Click Run
Type your password and click Authenticate
After finish press Enter
Set clipboard sharing between the host and the virtual machine
Click Devices menu in the VirtualBox window
Check Shared Clipboard → Bidirectional
Power off the virtual machine:
Click on the user’s name (in the upper right side of the screen)
Click “Power Off”
Click “Power Off“

Congratulation! You have just installed Fedora 19 in VirtualBox

Make a snapshot (optional)

Make a snapshot of this state to be able to restore it later
Click “Snapshots” in the Oracle VM VirtualBox Manager window
Click the “Take Snapshot” button that looks like a camera
Type “Original” as Snapshot Name
Click OK
Note: Now you can restore any time the original state by clicking on “Original” and the “Restore snapshot” button (a camera with an arrow)

A blog about development and research

Fighting bugs and absence of documentation

Monthly Archives: November 2013

PBM P4 image file format

What is PBM P4?

PBM P4 structure

ASCII section

Binary section

Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 3)

Uploading and setting up the firmware on TP-Link TL-WR1043ND router

Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 2)

Uploading and setting up the firmware on Asus WL-500g Deluxe router

Converting Asus WL-500g Deluxe and TP-Link TL-WR1043ND to OpenFlow switches (Part 1)

Building OpenWrt with OpenFlow package

Bitmap manipulation programs

bitmapdd

Scenario 1:

Scenerio 2:

bitmap2pbm

How to use

fat2bitmap

How to use

Create a FAT file system image on Linux

How to create the image file

How to mount the image and copy files

Restoring factory firmware on TP-Link TL-WR1043ND

Preparations

Firmware update

Restoring factory firmware on Asus WL-500g Deluxe

Preparations

Firmware update

Installing Fedora 19 (64 bit) in VirtualBox

Requirements

Preparations

Installation

Update the system

Install Guest Additions

Make a snapshot (optional)

IP address:	192.168.1.10
Netmask:	255.255.255.0

user:	admin
password:	admin

user:	admin
password:	admin